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is

/ɪz/

Third-person singular present form of “be”

From Proto-Indo-European es (to be).

verb
es
Proto-Indo-European
Verified
*es-ti-
reconstructed
“to be”; third-person singular form

from PIE *es-ti- (source also of Sanskrit asti , Greek esti , Latin est , Lithuanian esti , Old Church Slavonic jesti...

Proto-Germanic
Verified
*isti
reconstructed
A form related to *wesaną, “to be”

from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”))

Old English
Verified
is
The final Proto-Indo-European/early Germanic -t was lost

from Middle English is

Middle English
Verified
is
Inherited present-tense form of be

from Middle English is

Modern English
is

A tiny word, but it carries one of language’s oldest loads: existence itself. Its ancestor, Proto-Indo-European *es-, meant “to be,” and it survives in Latin est, Greek ἐστί, Sanskrit asti, and German ist—as if speakers across Eurasia kept passing around the same verbal spark. English once pronounced is to rhyme with “kiss,” but by the 1500s its vowel had shifted to the sound we use today. Old English also dropped the final -t found in relatives such as Latin est, leaving English with an especially compact survivor. Every time you say “it is,” you are using a word that has been quietly answering the biggest philosophical question for thousands of years: what exists?

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